The author of the Warring States Policy has not yet been determined. The original national policy, state affairs, short stories, stories, long books,
"Book modification" and other names. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "Warring States Policy". During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it. During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***26 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Liu Xiang (about 77 BC-6 BC) was originally named as a Confucian scholar, bibliographer and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. Pei county (now Jiangsu) people. Liu Xiang's prose is mainly Narrative of Qin Shu and Collating Ancient Books, among which the famous ones are Sword Shadow Changling Book and Narrative of Warring States Policy, which are characterized by simple narration, fluent theory and ease. Grandson of King Jiao Liu IV of Chu Yuan. When Xuan Di was declared emperor, he advised doctors. Yuan Di, Zong Zheng. Against eunuch Gong Hong, Shi Xian went to prison, waiting to be released. Later, he was imprisoned for anti-Gong and anti-Xian. After the emperor acceded to the throne, he was hired as Dr. Guanglu and changed his name to "Xiang", which comforted the official school. I was ordered to lead the school secretary and wrote Bielu, the earliest open book catalogue in China. On the Image of Liu Xiang in The Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Liang Dynasty
[ 1]。 He wrote 33 poems, including Nine Sighs, most of which have been lost. Today, there are books such as New Preface, Shuoyuan and Biography of Lienv. And The Five Classics was compiled by Ma Guohan and A Qing Dynasty in Yi Tong. The original compilation was lost, and the Ming people compiled it as Liu Ji. Liu Xiang, the illustration of Shuo Yuan, experienced three dynasties: Xuan Di, Yuan Di and Chengdi. Dr. Zong Zheng, Dr. Guanglu. He wrote many times that he led a disaster and impeached the eunuch's consorts. When he became emperor, he was ordered to proofread books for nearly 20 years, and his unfinished business was continued by his son Liu Xin. The official was finally placed in the center of the base, so he was also called Liu. Liu Xiangdian's ancient books mainly include classics, philosophers and poems. Canon school, and write down "no record". Later, on the basis of Bielu, Liu Xin wrote Qilue, the earliest bibliography work in China. The original book is lost. Ban Gu's Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi was formed by parallel prose, from which we can see the outline of parallel prose. According to the Records of History of Literature and Art, there are 33 existing Liu Ci Fu, and only one is Jiu Tan, which can be found in Chu Ci. Liu Xiang's prose is mainly a "narrative" to play books and proofread ancient books, among which the famous ones are "Sword Shadow Changling Book" and "Narration of Warring States Policy". Liu Xiang's prose is characterized by simple narration, smooth argumentation and ease. In addition, he also compiled Historical Stories, New Preface, Shuoyuan and Biography of Ancient Lienv, which were the pioneering works of Wei and Jin novels. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Yan compiled Liu Ji and included 130 articles in Records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. The New Preface is a book compiled by Liu Xiang after collecting the historical facts of Shun Yu and even the Han Dynasty. The original book has 30 volumes, and the existing volume is 10. It was edited by Ceng Gong in the Northern Song Dynasty and recorded what Song Yu said to the King of Chu. Among them, the popular songs of Chu, such as Xia Li Ba Ren, Yang A and Xie Lu, were listed, and it was said that "ten thousand people from Qian Qian returned to China and lived in peace". 2. Shuoyuan classifies and edits some historical stories and legends from the pre-Qin to the Western Han Dynasty, and includes the author's comments, which gives full play to the political thoughts and moral concepts of Confucianism and has a certain philosophical nature. 3, "Biography of Lienv": There are two concubines, and they are also the second daughters of Emperor Yao. Huang, the second English girl. Follow the father's stubborn mother. Father's name is Xiang, brother's name is Xiang. Traveling in Yan, you can be gentle and gentle, and you can be filial. Mother hates Shun and loves Xiang, but Shun still treats her internally, and she is not wicked or wicked. Siyue recommended Yao, who is a wife and two daughters to observe the interior of Jue. The two women succeeded in inheriting things in an acre of land. They were not arrogant because of the son of heaven's daughter, but remained modest and thrifty, thinking about women's morality. With murder shun. Messenger Yi Tu and Shungui told their second daughter, "My parents made me a Yi Tu, so I went." The second daughter said, "Go!" Shun not only cured the shackles, but also donated the order. Gu Sou burned the shackles and flew out. Xiangfu and his parents conspired to dig wells. Shun called his second daughter and said, "Don't worry, go!" "Shun went to the well, looked at it, and slipped out of the lid. When he can't kill Shun, Gu Sou drinks fast. When he is drunk, he will kill Shun. Shun sued two women, two women accompanied Shun to take a bath, and Shun went. Shun drank all day and didn't get drunk. Shun's daughter-in-law sympathizes with her and is in harmony with Ersao. When his parents tried to kill Shun, Shun still didn't complain and was furious. Go to Yutian and cry, and call your parents every day. Only harm if the child, longing for it. Don't blame his brother, be honest and not lazy. Since it is to accept 100 people, the guests are at the four doors, choose trees, enter the foothills, and try their best, often everything is aimed at two women. Shun was the heir, and was promoted to Emperor, followed by E Huang and Nv Ying. It is a shame to seal the image, but it is still too early for Gu Sou. The second concubine claims to be smart and virtuous in the world. Shun Fangyi died in Cangwu, posthumous title Zhonghua. The second princess died between Chiang Kai-shek and Xiang, commonly known as Xiang Army. The gentleman said, "The second princess is pure and loyal. The poem says: "If you don't show virtue, you must punish it." This is also called.
This edition * * * Volume 33: Warring States Policy Volume 1 Eastern Zhou Warring States Policy Volume 2 Western Zhou Warring States Policy Volume 3 Qin Warring States Policy Volume 4 Qin Warring States Policy Volume 5 Qin Warring States Policy Volume 6 Qin Warring States Policy Volume 7 Qin Warring States Policy Volume 8 Qi 1 Kloc-0/Qi 4 Warring States Policy Volume/Kloc-0. Kloc-0/4 Chu 1 Warring States Policy Volume 15 Chu 2 Warring States Policy Volume 16 Chu 3 Warring States Policy Volume 17 Chu 4 Warring States Policy Volume 18 Zhao Yi Warring States Policy Volume 19 Zhao 2 Warring States Policy Volume 2/. Warring States Policy Volume 22 Wei Yi Warring States Policy Volume 23 Wei Er Warring States Policy Volume 24 Wei San Warring States Policy Volume 25 Wei Si Warring States Policy Volume 26 Han Yi Warring States Policy Volume 27 Han Er Warring States Policy Volume 28 Han San Warring States Policy Volume 29 Yan Yi Warring States Policy Volume 3 1 Yan San Warring States Policy Volume 32 Warring States Policy Volume 33 Zhongshan * * 497. There is a recorded history, from 490 years before Zhi Bo destroyed the Fan family to 22 1 year before Gao Jianli attacked Qin Shihuang.
Characters in the Warring States Policy
1. Su Qin: A famous strategist in the Warring States Period, born in Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Deeds can be found in "Su Qin meets Lian Heng and talks about Qin". Su Qin was born in poverty, studied hard, yearned for a prosperous life, had a strong desire for fame and wealth, was rich in knowledge, was eloquent, and was good at making plans and suggestions for others, but did not have his own fixed political opinions and ideals. He was a typical politician in the Warring States period. Detailed historical materials about Su Qin can be found in Historical Records, Biographies of Su Qin and Biographies of Eastern Zhou Dynasty. For the literary images of Su Qin and other strategists in the Warring States, please refer to Han Chuanzi's The Warring States. 2. Gan Mao: A famous Qin native in the middle of the Warring States Period. Cai Xia (now Fengtai, Anhui) was born. The story of "Su Dai advised the king of Qin to stay in Gan Mao". After Gan Mao escaped from the State of Qin, he planned to go to Qi. Out of Hanguguan, I met Su Dai (Su Qin's younger brother) and said, "Have you heard the story of a woman on the river?" Su Dai said, "I haven't heard of it." Gan Mao said, "Among many women on the river, there is a poor woman without candles. The women discussed together to get rid of poverty without candles. The poor woman without candles is ready to leave. She said to the women, "I am often the first to arrive because I have no candles." When I arrived, I cleaned the room and laid the mat. Why should we cherish the little light that shines on the wall? If you give me a small corner, what will it do to you? I think it's still useful for you. "Why did you kick me out?" After discussion, the women thought she was right and kept her. Now, because I have no talent and virtue, I am driven away by Qin. I am willing to clean the house and lay the mat for you, hoping not to drive me away. " Said, "well, I'll try to make Qi reuse you. 3. Zhou Gongdan, a politician in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Duke Zhou's surname is Ji, his younger brother, also known as Shu Dan. Zhou Wenwang's fourth son, Zhou Wuwang's half brother. Because the fief is in Zhou, it is called Duke Zhou. After the death of King Wu, his son became a young king. He was the regent of this country. After the death of King Wu, putting down the rebellion of the "Three Supervisors", promoting feudalism, establishing the East Capital and the system of rites and music, and returning the government to become a king played a key role in consolidating and developing the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's history. Duke Zhou was not only an outstanding politician and strategist at that time, but also a versatile poet and scholar. His brothers, Cai Shu and Huo Shu colluded with Shang Zhou's sons, such as Wu Geng, Xu and Yan, to rebel. He was ordered to start his career, suppressed the rebellion three years later and extended his power to the sea. After the completion of Zhouluoyi, it became the eastern capital. According to legend, the system of rites and music has established a set of laws and regulations. His remarks can be found in various articles in Shangshu. The Warring States Policy is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, which is famous for being good at telling things. It is a book on national history, which contains miscellaneous notes of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, North Korea, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. A total of 33 volumes, about 6.5438+200,000 words. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it was about 240 years (460-220 BC). The Warring States Policy also has the names of state affairs, national policies, stories, short stories, long volumes and revised editions. The original author's name cannot be verified. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "The Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it. The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. The characters recorded in the Warring States Policy are very complicated, including Su Qin and other strategists. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian, Tang Ju and Yan; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. These characters are vivid and vividly portrayed. The article "Warring States Policy" is good at saying things. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, they vividly describe the characters, are good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhance the appeal of the article through interesting fables. During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy. The book Warring States Policy has a great influence on the formation of Sima Qian's biographical style of Historical Records. The Warring States Policy has always been praised by researchers for its literary value, but there are different opinions on its thoughts. This is because the book is inconsistent with later Confucianism and pursues fame and fortune too much. Moreover, it exaggerates the historical role of strategists and reduces their historical value.
Idioms in Warring States Policy
Spotless-a saint has three virtues, and there is no dust. In public.-in public. Both sides lose-today, two tigers fight, the small one dies, and the big one hurts. Do the opposite-go to Chu and go north. It is never too late to mend. "The Warring States Policy Chu Ce IV" The snipe and the clam compete, and the fisherman gains-the snipe said: If it doesn't rain today, if it doesn't rain tomorrow, there will be a dead clam. The clam also said: If you don't come out today, you will die tomorrow. If they refuse to give up, the fisherman gains and takes it. Feathers are not full-I heard that people with incomplete feathers can't fly high. Pulling a cone to stab the thigh-if you want to sleep after reading it, you will stab the thigh with a cone and blood will flow to your feet. If the market is crowded-at the beginning of the order, ministers will give advice and the market will be crowded. "The Warring States Policy, Qi Ce I" is returned to the original-Yan Yi knows enough, but if it is returned to the original, it will never lose face. The three caves of the cunning rabbit-the three caves of the cunning rabbit, just to avoid its dead ear. Today, you have a cave, but you are lying without a high pillow. Please dig two caves for you. "The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV" is a fake tiger's power-the tiger gets the fox, and the fox says: If you dare not eat me, God will make me grow into a hundred beasts. If my son doesn't believe me, I'll go first for my son and my son will follow me. Will the beast be afraid to leave when he sees me? The tiger thought so, too, and took it away. All the animals saw it and walked away. Tigers don't know that animals are afraid of themselves, but they think they are afraid of foxes. "The Warring States Policy Chu Ce I" is a bird frightened by the bow-the bow string rings, scaring the bird in the jungle. Step-by-step, the four strategies of the Warring States Policy spare no effort, the Zhao Ce of the Warring States Policy is missing, the Qin strategy of the Warring States Policy looks askance, the Wei strategy of the Warring States Policy is a great contribution, the Chu strategy of the Warring States Policy is gilding the lily, and the second strategy of the Warring States Policy is sweating profusely.
The Writing Characteristics of Warring States Policy
1. The characters are vividly portrayed-for example, the story of Su Qin vividly depicts a counselor who is good at eloquence and pursues fame and fortune, and vividly depicts a group of vulgar villains. After Su Qin failed in lobbying Qin, he returned home like a beggar, but "his wife can't knit a sweater, his sister-in-law can't cook, and his parents don't keep their word". Later, he tried to make it strong, and the six countries banned each other and played house. "Parents heard, all qing palace, Zhang Le wine, suburbs to meet three miles. The wife looked sideways ... she crawled. "-The sharp contrast between the two scenes fully exposed the cold world of giving priority to all fame and fortune, and exposed the hypocrisy of feudal ethics. -and Su Qin's "reading for sleep" is also for the sake of high officials and generous salaries, which objectively exposes the ugliness of the strategists in the middle and lower classes of the ruling class. 2. Good at allegory. He is good at explaining a truth through fables, which is vivid, humorous and intriguing. For example, Zou Ji's satire can be adjusted, and Qi Wang praised Zou Ji's "beauty is better than Xu Gong" for different purposes through his wives and friends, explaining the truth of "listening to people's words clearly and listening to people's words secretly", and exhorting Qi Wang not to believe the words of ladies-in-waiting, but to be outspoken and encourage the people to make suggestions. 3. Unique language style-eloquence, sharp satire and intriguing humor constitute a unique language style. -Many fables in the book, such as "painting a snake to add feet" and "Smith", are idioms that have been passed down to this day. -when recording the words and deeds of strategists, it is not advisable to describe their unscrupulous pursuit of personal fame and fortune, as well as their plots of playing tricks in diplomacy, rather than criticizing them, but depicting them with appreciation.