In a sad period in the history of China, the political situation was the most complicated and chaotic, and domestic hatred of ethnic Chou He followed one after another. Zhang Jian created the most brilliant golden age in Nantong history.
The Zhang family has been farming for generations. By the time Zhang Jian's father arrived, he had planted more than 20 acres of land and operated a sugar factory. In the sixth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1856), when Zhang Jian was 4 years old, his father began to teach thousands of words. When I was five years old, my father ordered my uncle, uncle and uncle to go to the neighboring school and learn from Mr. Qiu in Haimen because I had memorized thousands of words correctly. /kloc-When he was 0/2 years old, his father set up his own school and invited Mr. Song from Xiting to teach his third son. /kloc-at the age of 0/4, due to the death of Mr. Xiaoqi, his father ordered him to go to Xiting to study and stay with Mr. Lin Song, the son of Mr. Xiaoqi. Since the age of 15, I have also applied for jobs from Xiaoqizi and Mr. Song Chen, the examiner of Jiangnan Township. Tongzhi for seven years (1868), 16 years old, because his ancestors were three generations of poor students with no fame, in order to embark on the right path of the imperial examination, Song Chen arranged for him to enroll in Rugao County under the name of Zhang Yucai, the son of Zhang Quan, a native of Rugao County, and won the three tests in the county, state and academy. Tongzhi eight years (1869), Zhang Jianzhong was a scholar. Later, Rugao Zhang's greed was insatiable. Later, he sued the Rugao government with the intention of extorting money from officials, thus creating a "fraud case." Since then, years of lawsuits have plagued Zhang Jian, making his family difficult. Fortunately, compassionate scholars such as Sun Yunjin, Tongzhou Well-known, Jiangsu Zheng Xue Peng Jiuyu helped us to reject Rugao as a case and return to Tongzhou.
In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Zhang Jian went to Nanjing to defect to Sun Yunjin, the former Tongzhou magistrate. In the summer of the second year of Guangxu (1876), at the invitation of Wu Changqing, commander of "Qing Zi Camp" of Huai Army, he went to Pukou to serve as a document for celebrating the army. Later, Yuan Shikai also defected. These two men formed Wu Changqing's civil and military staff, and participated in military affairs, important decisions and military actions. In the spring of the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), Wu Changqing was promoted to the position of Zhejiang magistrate and was ordered to visit Beijing, accompanied by Zhang Jian. In the winter of the same year, Wu Changqing was ordered to help Lu defend, and Zhang Jian went to Huangxian County in Dengzhou with Jun Qing.
In the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), there was a "mutiny at noon" in North Korea. Japan took the opportunity to send warships to Incheon, and Wu Changqing was ordered to supervise the division to support North Korea in quelling the rebellion, so as to prevent Japan from launching a war of aggression. Zhang Jian went to Seoul with the Qing army from the sea, drafted a brief account of Korean affairs for Wu Changqing, wrote political articles such as Renwu Lulve and Six Strategies for Dealing with the Aftermath, and advocated resisting aggression and adopting a tough foreign policy, which was appreciated by Pan Zuyin and Weng Tonghe, leaders of the southern "clean stream". In the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), Wu Changqing was transferred back to China and stationed in Jinzhou, while Yuan Shikai stayed in North Korea and took over the "Qing Zi Camp". Shortly after Wu Changqing's death, Zhang Jian left Jun Qing and returned to his hometown to continue preparing for the exam.
Since Zhang Jian enrolled students at the age of 16, he has gone to jiangning house to take part in the rural examinations to meet Jiangnan (commonly known as Nan Yong) five times around the age of 18, 2 1 23, 24 and 27. Until the 11th year of Guangxu (1885), 33-year-old Sun Yunjin became the magistrate of Jiangning, and his children avoided it as usual, and went to Shuntianfu after having obtained the provincial examination (commonly known as Wei Bei), so he won the second place in the top prize, commonly known as "Nanyuan" (the first person in the list of south people and north people), and his reputation gradually became the focus of "Liu Qing".
From 1885, Weng Tonghe, Pan Zuyin, etc. With the intention of supporting Zhang Jian, especially "expecting me" and "recommending not to win" Mistaking other people's papers for Zhang Jian several times and getting into Hui Yuan showed the urgency of support, which led to Weng Tonghe's ambition in the Sino-Japanese science examination. (Zhang Jian, 34 years old, should not be admitted; At the age of 37, I went to a meeting, and the test paper was taken by Shu Sun of Wuxi. At the age of 38, I took the exam, but in the field, I mistakenly took Tao Shi Feng as Zhang Jian's volume. Zhong Tao was "Huiyuan" and Zhang Luodi; At the age of 40, I went to take part in the exam, but the test paper was taken away by Liu of Wujin, and Yuan and Zhang came last. )
In the 13th year of Guangxu reign (1887), Zhang Jian went to Kaifeng with Sun Yunjin to assist in river regulation and disaster relief, and drew up an outline for traffic relief. After the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), he was hired to preside over Ganyu Xuanqing Academy, Chongming Yingzhou Academy, Jiangning Zheng Wen Academy and Anqing Jinggu Academy.
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), on the 60th birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi, Zhang Jian once again went to Beijing to take the Cohen test of does. In February, don't try, take the sixtieth palace stone; In March, the department of rites won the first-class tenth place, "the eleventh day, Changshu Division changed to the tenth place"; On April 24, when he entered the palace for the exam, Weng Tonghe ordered Zhang Jian, an examination paper officer, to hand in the papers and then sent them directly to himself. After reviewing in a hurry, he tried his best to popularize it. Weng Tonghe not only did the work of other marking ministers, but also made Zhang Jian's paper the first. When Emperor Guangxu introduced him, he specially introduced: "Zhang Jian is a famous man in the south of the Yangtze River, a dutiful son." Zhang Jian was awarded the title of No.1 Middle School Champion and he was awarded the title of Six Gentlemen College.
Soon, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, and the national crisis intensified the contradiction between the two parties after the emperor. The "clean stream" headed by Weng Tonghe supported Emperor Guangxu, and there were many discussions about the main battle. Its main target is Li Hongzhang, who fears the sun like a tiger. In fact, it is to attack the post-party of the Lord and try to win some real power for the emperor who has the name of "pro-government". Zhang Jian, the top scholar of the new discipline who was famous for a while, quickly became the leader of "Qingliu" and the decision-making figure among the disciples of "Wengmen" because of his similar historical origins and political opinions. However, in the main battle, when the Lord and the two factions fought fiercely, Zhang Jian returned to the system because of his father's funeral.
At the beginning of the 21st year of Guangxu (1895), Zhang Zhidong, acting governor of Liangjiang, sent Zhang Jian to organize an ocean-going group training to prevent the Japanese navy from invading the lower reaches of the Yangtze River at any time. Because the Qing government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, and the sailing yong ying fell by the wayside. At the end of the same year, he joined the Shanghai Strong Society organized by Kang Youwei.
At the beginning of the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), Zhang Zhidong sent Zhang Jian, Ding to set up commercial bureaus in Tongzhou, Suzhou and Zhenjiang respectively, and Zhang Jian set up cotton mills in Nantong and Suzhou respectively.
Sheng Da cotton mill was originally identified as a commercial office. Zhang Jian tried to raise funds through official investment promotion office and joint venture between government and business, but the results were very small and the funds raised were very limited. Zhang Jian had no choice but to ask the government for help. 1896 1 1 In June, Zhang Jian shelved Zhang Zhidong's "Westernization" in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893) in Shanghai through Liu Kunyi, the former governor of Liangjiang and Minister of Commerce of Nanyang. Sheng Xuanhuai, who monopolized Westernization enterprises in the form of official supervision and commercial office and joint venture between official and commercial enterprises, was also buying machines, so he divided these machines with Zhang Jian, each with 20,400 ingots, at a price of 252,000 official shares and 252,000 commercial shares. Official shares do not count profits and losses, but only take official profits by year, which has become a "gentry-led business" nature.
In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Sheng Da Cotton Mill officially broke ground at Taozhuba, Tangjiazha, west of Tongzhou, and was completed and put into operation the following year. After several years of dismal operation, Sheng Da Cotton Mill has gradually grown. By the 30th year of Guangxu (1904), the factory had increased its capital by 632,000, with more than 20,000 spindles. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), Sheng Da No.2 Factory was established in Chongming jiulong town (now Qidong County), with a capital of1000,000 yuan and 26,000 spindles. By the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the net profit of Sheng Da No.1 Factory and No.2 Factory was about 3.7 million yuan. Starting from 190 1, with the support of Liu Kunyi, governor of the two rivers, coastal wasteland was reclaimed at the junction of Lvsi and Haimen, and a cotton mill with 65,438+10,000 mu of cultivated land-the raw cotton base of Tonghai Reclamation Animal Husbandry Company was built. From the 27th year to the 30th year of Guangxu (190 1- 1907), Zhang Jian founded 19 undergraduate enterprise.
The development of national industry needs science and technology, which prompted Zhang Jian to set up a school and first devoted himself to normal education. In February of the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Zhang Jian was invited by Liu Kunyi, the governor of the two rivers, to discuss the promotion of learning in Jiangning. Liu Kunyi agreed, but was stopped by San Francisco Wu, Xun Daoxu and Yan Daohu. Zhang Jian sighed, but he planned to set up an autotrophic normal school in Tongzhou with Luo Shuyun, Tang Shouqian and other colleagues. The plan is that Zhang Jian has earned 20 thousand yuan at public expense with interest since he took office in Tongzhou Cotton Mill for five years, encouraging him to set up subsidies. On July 9, the same year, Tongzhou Normal School chose the Qianfo Temple in the southeast of Nantong as the school site to start construction, and the school officially opened the following year. This is the first normal school in China, and its construction marks the beginning of the specialized organ of normal education in China.
1907 founded agricultural schools and girls' normal schools, 1909 advocated Tonghai five-genus public middle schools (now Nantong middle schools). 19 12 years, medical schools and textile schools were established one after another, and a number of primary and secondary schools were established one after another. In order to provide technical strength for various enterprises, Zhang Jian attached great importance to vocational education. Surveying and mapping, sericulture and other subjects in normal schools have developed to more than a dozen vocational schools, among which textile, agriculture and medicine have made remarkable achievements. Later, it was expanded into a college, and 1924 was merged into Nantong University.
In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), Nantong Museum, the first museum in China, was established in Tongzhou. Junshan Meteorological Observatory was established in 19 15. In addition, libraries and schools for the blind and deaf have been established.
19181kloc-0/On October 23rd, Xiong Xiling, Cai Yuanpei and others initiated and organized a peace meeting. Zi Rui, from Xiangyin, Hunan, 1883. He lost his father when he was a child, and settled in Changsha with his mother Xie and his brother Fan Yuanlian. His life was very poor. He once devoted himself to Jie Bao Guild Hall and made a living from this "charity" organization, which made Fan Xudong's young mind plant the ideological roots of self-improvement and hard struggle. Fan Yuanlian and Cai E both attended the current affairs school taught by Liang Qichao. Because they are diligent and deeply loved by Liang Qichao, they have to take charge of school affairs, support their mothers part-time and train their younger brothers to study.
With the help of his brother, Fan Xudong went to Japan to study in 1900, and graduated with honors from the Department of Science and Chemistry of Imperial University of Kyoto in 19 10. He concentrates on his studies, lives, eats and studies with his Japanese classmates. He deeply felt the spirit of self-improvement of the Japanese nation, which further stimulated his national self-esteem, patriotism and the spirit of diligent study. Seeing that Japan developed rapidly and bullied the weak, and defeated China and the Russian Empire one after another, he hated the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government even more and yearned for the prosperity of the motherland. He often demands himself and puts it into practice in a hard, hardworking and brave style.
After graduating from Kyoto Imperial University, Fan Xudong stayed as an expert assistant. 19 1 1 returned to China and was in charge of laboratory analysis in the Beijing Mint of Beiyang government, but resigned two months later because of dissatisfaction with the corruption of the officialdom at that time. Soon, he was sent to western Europe to inspect the saline-alkali industry in Britain, France, Germany and Belgium, and gained a lot. After returning to China, through hardships, Jiuda Refined Salt Company was established in Tanggu, Tianjin on 19 14. On this basis, in order to realize the desire of saving the country and developing the chemical industry, Fan Xudong began to manufacture soda ash industry, and Li Yong soda plant was established on 19 17. At the beginning of the soda factory, the production was very abnormal. With the efforts of a group of technical backbones such as Hou, a series of technical problems were solved, the normal operation of 1926 was realized, and high-quality soda ash was produced. In order to further develop the salt industry, from 1926 to 1927, Fan Xudong successively established Qingdao Yongyu Salt Company and Hankou Xinfu Salt Company. After a slight surplus in Li Yong Soda Plant, Fan Xudong started to establish Li Yong Soda Plant on1933+February. The factory started construction in Jiejiadian, Liuhe County, north bank of Nanjing Yangtze River on July 1934, and produced the first batch of ammonium sulfate products in China on February 5 1937. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Fan Xudong continued to establish industry in the rear area. 1July, 938, nine artesian well salt plants opened in Sichuan artesian well. At the same time, we opened the Yonglichuan factory in Wutongqiao, Qianwei County, Sichuan Province. In the process of building the factory, we actively supported Hou et al. to innovate the production process of Sulvi soda ash, and successfully developed a new process of combined soda production on 1943.
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, Fan Xudong prepared to send personnel to Jiuda, Li Yong and Yongyu factories to receive the original property. He suddenly suffered from acute hepatitis and died on June 4 1945+05438. Fan Xudong's death deeply regrets all walks of life. Mao Zedong, who was negotiating with the Kuomintang at that time, wrote an elegiac couplet for him: "Industry is the forerunner and work is in China". On behalf of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai went to Nanyuan to offer condolences. Chongqing Xinhua Daily reported the news of Fan Xudong's death on June 6 10, and published Xu Dixin's mourning article on June 2 1 0, praising Fan Xudong's contribution to the development of China's national industry and mourning the loss of "a friend who can work together for China's economic construction" 165438+ 10. Wu, Hou, Yan, Guo Moruo, Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi and others attended the memorial service. Guo Moruo's elegiac couplet is: "Be old, be strong, be useful, be young, be strong;" The sky will not die, the earth will not be buried, and the world will not talk. "Hu Juewen's elegy is:" The founding of the People's Republic of China is new, and it is unbearable to see the sudden death of industrial people; The hidden worries are endless, and the makers of any plan are striving for success. "The Rongshi brothers refer to Rong Desheng and Rong, a branch of Liangxi Rongshichun, and their descendants have been nearly thirty generations. They are the largest national capitalists in modern China, and have the reputation of "king of flour" and "king of textiles".
The Rong brothers ran the bank with their father in their early years. Since the 26th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, they have successively established flour mills in Baoxing, Fuxin and Mao Xin and textile mills in Zhenxin and Shen Xin. There are 12 flour mills and 9 cotton mills in the peak period. Twenty years later, the Rong brothers entered the ranks of the largest national capitalists in China.