A summary of knowledge points in the second volume of seventh grade geography published by People's Education Press (I) India
1, India is the largest country in South Asia, with the second largest population in the world after China. There is a famous building here: Taj Mahal.
● Location: ① Most of them are located between 1030 on, mainly in tropical areas.
② Land and sea location: south of Eurasia, north of Indian Ocean, east of Bay of Bengal and west of Arabian Sea.
2. Topographic features of India: Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.
Find the Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau in Figure 7.34 on page 35 of the book, and remember their positions and names.
3. River: Ganges? The mother river of India. The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal from northwest to southeast.
4. Neighboring countries: (Find these neighboring countries in Figure 7.34 on page 35 of this book)
Land neighbor: Northwest? Pakistan, East? Myanmar, Bangladesh. Northeast? China, Nepal, Bhutan.
Maritime neighbor: Sri Lanka
5. Climate: Located in the tropics and subtropics, the climate is dominated by tropical monsoon, and the precipitation change is mainly affected by monsoon.
● Climate characteristics: high temperature all year round, rainy season and dry season. Northeast wind prevails in dry season and southwest wind prevails in rainy season (6? In September, the southwest monsoon prevailed and there was a lot of precipitation, which was the rainy season. From June 5438 to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails with little rain, which is a dry season).
● There are frequent floods and droughts in India, which are mainly caused by the instability of the southwest monsoon (generally, the southwest monsoon is weak, coming late and leaving early, resulting in drought; On the contrary, it will form a flood.
6. In the 1960s, India implemented? Green revolution? The situation of food supply has improved. Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India, and their yields are among the highest in the world.
● Distribution of rice and wheat (see page 39 of this book): Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges Plain with abundant rainfall and flat terrain and the coastal areas of Indian Peninsula.
Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau with little precipitation and plenty of sunshine.
7 1999, India's jute production ranks first in the world and cotton production ranks second in the world. Kolkata is India's largest hemp textile center, while developing the steel industry; Mumbai is the largest cotton textile center and the largest port in India, and New Delhi is the capital of India. (Remember Figure 7.43 on page 40 of this book: the locations of New Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai and Bangalore on the map)
8. India's industry, textile industry and mining industry developed mainly under British rule. This is because Britain strictly controls Indian industry for its own economic development. At that time, the level of science and technology in India was quite backward. After independence, India actively introduced foreign capital and advanced technology, attached importance to training scientific and technological talents, and made great efforts to develop its own industries, mainly steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software.
People's Education Edition (II) Summary of Knowledge Points in the Second Volume of Seventh Grade Geography in Western Europe Edition
1. Areas where developed countries are concentrated: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, accounting for more than half of the European area. Dense population and many countries, most of which are developed countries. The region has formed a regional international organization, namely the European Union (EU). The EU ranks first in the world in import and export, and it is the region with the largest trade volume in the world. There are currently 27 member countries, most of which are developed countries. The EU plays an important role in the world economy and the international political arena. People use a unified currency called the euro.
2. The proportion of people engaged in manufacturing in Western Europe is very high. There are many industrial centers with dense distribution. Ten? Glyph distribution. From Britain to Poland, from southern Scandinavia to Italy, it has formed a world-famous industrial intensive area.
3. (Attachment: Temperate maritime climate features mild and rainy throughout the year; The central part of the terrain dominated by plains is the western European plain and the Bode plain. )
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Into a juicy pasture; The terrain is low and flat, mainly plain, which leads to the widespread grassland. Western Europeans call it pasture? Green gold? . Therefore, animal husbandry in western Europe is developed. Such as Britain, France and Germany. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are the main dairy industry countries in the world.
Socio-economic reasons: high mechanization of animal husbandry production; With the improvement of economic development level, there is a great market demand for dairy products.
4. The topographical features of Western Europe are: low and flat terrain, mainly plains, mountainous north and south, and vast central plains. The plain is distributed in the middle, bounded by the Rhine River, the western Europe plain in the west and the Bode plain in the east. These mountains are mainly distributed in the southern and northern peninsulas. There are Scandinavian mountains in the north and Alps in the south. The Alps run east-west, which is conducive to the warm and humid air flow from the Atlantic Ocean to the inland. (Refer to Figure 8.23 of P64, and remember: Scandinavian Mountains, Pyrenees, Apennines, Alps, Carpathians, Western Europe Plain, Bode Plain, Scandinavia Peninsula, Iberian Peninsula, Apennines Peninsula, Balkans, Great Britain Island, Iceland, Danube River Lower Plain, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, North Sea, Baltic Sea, Gibraltar Strait and so on.
5. Prosperous tourism: Western Europe is rich in natural and cultural tourism resources. The sunny Mediterranean seaside scenic spots and beaches in southern Europe, and the winding fjords in northern Europe are fascinating; The towering Alps in the middle are good places for mountaineering and skiing. Unique customs, ancient castles, solemn churches and numerous museums make Western Europe a developed region for world tourism. France, Spain and Italy have become three famous tourist countries in Europe. The main tourist destinations are the host countries: Tower Bridge in London (UK), Windmill (Netherlands), Nordic Fjord Scenery (Norway), Alpine Skiing (Switzerland), Eiffel Tower in Paris (France), Spanish Bullfighting, Mediterranean Coast Scenery (Italy) and Parthenon in Athens (Greece).
6. The capital of Britain is London and the capital of France is Paris; Berlin, Germany, Rome, Italy.
Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of seventh grade geography published by People's Education Press (3) Sub-Saharan Africa
1. Location: Sub-Saharan Africa is located in sub-Saharan Africa, the largest desert in the world, bordering the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and is in a low latitude area. Terrain: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, dominated by plateau. (P67 Figure 8.26: Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ethiopian Plateau, East African Plateau, South African Plateau, Congo Basin, Gulf of Guinea, Sahara Desert, Nile, Cape of Good Hope, Mount Kilimanjaro? The highest mountain in Africa is called the equatorial snow peak. The climate in this area is dominated by tropical grassland, characterized by high temperature all year round and drought and little rain in two seasons. Countries in savannah areas are often threatened by drought. The climate is symmetrically distributed in north and south, and the tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed in Congo basin.
More than 90% people in this area are black, which is the hometown of black people. What about sub-Saharan Africa? Black Africa? Known as. The original settlements of African blacks were mainly distributed in the Gulf of Guinea and Congo Basin, that is, mainly in the west of this area.
2、? Single commodity economy? ：
● Single commodity economy: export products mainly include minerals, forests, livestock products and other primary products; Imported products are finished products such as machinery and automobiles. Such economic characteristics have made many African countries lose the market initiative. (main P70 activity 2, P7 1 figure 8.32)
Concept: an economy that relies too much on the production of one or several products;
Disadvantages: selling low-priced primary products and buying expensive finished products are at a disadvantage in international trade, which restricts the development of domestic handling economy.
③ Reasons: the long-term rule and control of colonialists;
④ Way out: Strive to develop national industry; Develop diversified agriculture; Develop agricultural products processing industry, tourism and aquaculture. In order to change the situation that the domestic economy depends on a single product.
3. Seriously? Population, food and environment? Question:
(1) The population is growing too fast.
② Insufficient food supply.
(3) deterioration of ecological environment.
The natural population growth rate in Africa is 2.2% in all continents of the world, and it is as high as 3.0% in sub-Saharan Africa), which is too fast, exceeding the growth rate of food and economy, and has already constituted an increasingly serious population problem and food problem. Due to the long-term rule and control of colonialism, the science and technology in this area are backward, the production level of agriculture and animal husbandry is very low, and food can never be self-sufficient. However, the population is growing too fast and needs more food and meat, so people cut down forests and reclaim grasslands to expand the cultivated land area, or overgrazing, which leads to the decline of soil fertility and grassland degradation, aggravates land desertification and gradually deteriorates the ecological environment. Solution: control the excessive population growth; Vigorously develop grain production; Protect the ecological environment. ● The climate in this area is mainly tropical, so it is the hometown of many tropical cash crops, such as coffee and cocoa.